The Policy of Secrecy: Watergate

I. The Context:

            A. Anti-Communism

            B. The Political Style of Tricky Dick

            C. Tumultuous Times

II. Watergate:

                        A. The Break-In (June 17, 1972)

                        B. The Cover-Up

III. Why Watergate Matters?

A. Policy Change:

1. War Powers Act of 1973

2. 1974 Congressional Budget and

Impoundment Act

                                    3. Fair Campaign Act of 1974

                                    4. Freedom of Information Act in 1974            

B. A Change of Mind

C. A “Conservative” Shift: Electing President Jimmy Carter

________________________________________

Nixon's Chief of Staff: H.R. Haldeman     

White House Counsel: John Dean

Chief Domestic Advisor: John Erlichman             

White House Aide: G. Gordon Liddy

Liddy's Aide: E. Howard Hunt                                

Attorney General: John Mitchell

CREEP Head of Security: James McCord              

Prosecuting Judge: John Sirica

Washington Post Reporters: Woodward and Bernstein

FINAL EXAM INFORMATION/STUDY GUIDE

EXAM TIME:  Thu, March 20 11:00am-1:30pm

...YOU NEED A BLUE BOOK FOR THIS EXAM...

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE: 20 of 22 These will be taken from lectures since the midterm. (40%)

II. SHORT ESSAY: (10%)

The books we read this quarter were How the Other Half Lives, Down and Out in the Great Depression, Desert Exile, and Rumor of War. How they are connected? In a short essay (around a page), find some points of synthesis between these four works. In other words, what are some themes that are relevant to all four books? (for this one, you do not need to write out full names of authors or full book titles. use jump right into your answer, as in the following: "One concept that cuts across all four of our books this quarter is the notion of the deployment of power through a political and extra political bodies. This can be found in Riis when he writes that...."

III. LONG ESSAY: (50%) One of the following will be on the exam.

1. How did the U.S. change as a result of war? You must discuss at least three of the following: the Civil War, World War I, World War II, the Cold War, or the War in Vietnam? Judging from the nation’s experience of war, can you make some generalization regarding the impact of war on a country?

2. Progress is fundamental to the traditional narrative of American history. Considering the history of the U.S. from 1865 to 1980, is that accurate?

 

War in Vietnam

Walter Capps says Vietnam caused,

"a rupture in our national consciousness,"

A.   Vietnam prior to the U.S. War

…French colony

…Independence Movement

First Indo-China War: 1946-1954

            75,000 French dead

            175,000-500,000 Vietnamese dead

Dien Bien Phu

(170 days of bombardment, 57 days of battle)

            10,000 Vietnamese killed in action

            1700 French killed in action

            A. Anti-Communist Context:

                        Containment and Domino Thinking

B. Escalation

                        1. Advisors:

                        2. Lyndon Baines Johnson "Great Society"

1964

The 24th Amendment banned poll tax in federal elections

Tax Reduction Act

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Urban Mass Transportation Act

Economic Opportunity Act

Wilderness Preservation Act

1965

Elementary and Secondary School Act ($1 billion for public schools and $100 million for purchase of library and textbooks

Medicare 

Medicaid

Voting Rights Act which put an end to literacy tests; established voting registrars which could be sent to locales which had a history of denying people the right to vote

Omnibus Housing Act provided $7.5 billion for low-income housing and aid to small businesses displaced by urban renewal 

Department of Housing and Urban Development established

National Foundation for the Arts and Humanities including the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities 

Water Quality Act

Immigration laws revised so that immigration would be based on skills needed instead of ethnicity or nationality.

Air Quality Act created auto emission standards 

Higher Education Act which gave increased support to colleges and universities

Affirmative Action established by executive order

1966

National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act Highway Safety Act

Minimum Wage raised and coverage extended 

Department of Transportation established 

Model Cities program to rehabilitate urban slums

Public Broadcasting System

1968

Truth-in-Lending act

In Saigon, where there's been another military coup, Defense Secretary McNamara promises the new government that "We'll stay for as long as it takes. We shall provide whatever help is required to win the battle against the Communist insurgents."

                        3. Gulf of Tonkin

                        4. Rolling Thunder

5. The Crucial Year: 1968

a. Anti-War Movement—SDS

Fixin to die rag…country joe

War…Edwin Starr

Fortunate Son….CCR

Ohio…Crosby stills nash young

Masters of War…Dylan

           

b. The Tet Offensive:

                                    c. Enter Tricky Dick:

"secret plan"

Vietnamization.

How does this war end?

THE PROBLEM WITH NO NAME

The Problem with No Name/Making the Personal Political

Betty Friedan: Feminine Mystique (1963)

--“the problem lay buried"

--Women “could desire no greater destiny than to glory in their own femininity,"

FREEDOM SUMMER:

"we didn't come down here to work as a maid this summer."

"Assumptions of male superiority are as widespread and deeply rooted and every much as crippling to the women as the assumptions of white superiority are to the Negro." (SNCC position paper)

--Presidential Commission on the Status of Women

--Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

National Organization for Women:

"to take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, exercising all privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men."

1967: 1000 members

1971: 15,000 members

LIBERAL VS. RADICAL FEMINISM

Liberal Feminism:  NOW

Radical Feminism:

         SCUM

         W.I.T.C.H.

         Redstockings

         Cell 16

AS A RESULT OF THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT:

         1. increased participation of women in politics on all levels;

         2. Title IX of Educational Amendments Acts of 1972, prohibited colleges from discriminating on basis of sex, requiring schools to fund womens' sports at a comparable level to men's sports(resulted in an increase of 560% at the college level and 990% in high schools, since 1972);

         3. Roe v. Wade: 1973, struck down Texas and Georgia statutes outlawing abortion, saying that states could no longer outlaw abortions in the  first trimester of pregnancy;

         4. Equal Credit Opportunity Commission: in 1974, made it possible for women to get credit in their own name;

         5. ERA, which passed in Congress, and has to be seen as a victory in one sense, because it did pass in Congress, even though it is not now an amendment, since states did not ratify it in time. Why a victory? Military academies and other military arenas thought it would pass so they began to make changes that helped the position of women in the military.

Social Movements: Civil Rights and Black Power

I. Civil Rights:

          A. Enforcing Segregation:

            1. Culturally

                      2. Legal: Plessy v Ferguson (1898)

          B. Fighting Segregation:

                   1. NAACP

                  2. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

                             a. The Brown Decision

                             b. Brown II

                             c. Resisting Justice:  Little Rock Central High School(1957)

                                                                     Orval Faubus
                  3. Rosa Parks and the Bus Boycott:

        4. The Sit-Ins:

        5. Freedom Rides:

         6. JFK:

                      a. Civil Rights Act of 1964
                          b. Voting Rights Act of 1965
                                     --Fannie Lou Hammer

II. Non-Violent Revolution is an Oxymoron:  The Civil Rights paradigm falls apart...

RUMOR OF WAR reading guide:

CAPUTO READING DUE TUESDAY, 3/11

TWO QUESTIONS SHOULD GUIDE YOUR READING:

Caputo writes, “Every generation is doomed to fight its war, to endure the same experiences, suffer the loss of the same old illusions, and learn the same old lessons on its own.”(81) Is this statement true?

Is patriotism necessary and good? Is a country worthy of your love? Why or why not